Can You Wax If You Have A Hemorrhoid?

THE VARIOUS OFFICES IN THE CITY OF ANCIENT ROME THE HAZARDS OF ADULTERY

Aunque muchos verían una imagen de las ciudades romanas, llenas de esclavos trabajando para unos ociosos amos. La realidad era muy distinta en las ciudades romanas del mundo antiguo.
Las Urbes romanas estaban llenas de artesanos y men performing a number of offices to make the food each day.
Although some estimates have estimated that the percentage of slaves living in the city of Rome, reached 30% of the population, there were a number of free men who must work to survive, although there were a lot of unemployed loitered in the streets doing nothing and living at the expense of wheat quota to the state provided each month.
Some historians estimate that about 150,000 thousand men over age 10 receiving these allocations of power in the city of Rome, but this was not enough to feed an average family of 3. Of these, many of these unemployed should manage to complement what they needed.


Model of the city of Rome in Roman times.









In a city like Rome, it is estimated that by the time of Emperor Augustus (31 BC to 14 AD), had a population of one million inhabitants, there were a number of offices to able to meet the material needs of a population as big as this.
The vast majority of these works were made by low class people, as the higher class people did not need to work and live their remains and the work of their slaves.

Continue ....

Butcher.

Bird Shop (The seller is a woman)

Pharmaceuticals.

Optician.

Baker.

Rust On Bathtub Drain

ROME

was going to leave out the way how to outwit the wily lover and how to outwit the jealous guardian. A married woman should fear the husband and monitoring of married women must be ensured. This is convenient, this is what's the law, law and decency .

Ovid.
The Art of Loving. PG 128.14.

Adultery has always been a subject of great concern on the part of Roman society and is well reflected in the laws and customs of the time.

Pudicia The issue of women, went far beyond maintaining the good name and honor of the man of the house. The problem for the Romans was much more serious.

At bedtime a woman married to another man, and when she who had the children of the family, what he did, was to mix the blood of his family with another person outside the family worship, polluting the blood and gods of the family. This was an act of grave immodesty that not only affected the morale of women, but the entire family circle, and their gods and private rites.

The punishment violated the woman caught in adultery to death could come at the most extreme cases and old, but usually in the late republic and early imperial period was the repudiation and subsequent divorce . Though sometimes to avoid the loss of a large dowry of honor, some men could pass the slip for good staff. mural painting shows two lovers.

Now, the punishment of the lover caught in the act, was totally in the hands of affected man's imagination.

This, according to Roman custom, was available if so desired, lover of life discovered but normal, to avoid killing the lover released the affront, was to implement a number of possible sexual torture to adultery.

As an example, normal was the man to deliver the prisoner to their slaves so that sexually abused and so never forget what he had done. This punishment was often evaluated by the Romans, as more terrible than death, because the honor of every Roman was closely related to their sexual behavior.

Every free man, reflected his freedom, power and honor through exercising active stance on sex.
In Roman society, did not much matter who is penetrated (male, female) while you were the one penetrated and not the one who was penetrated.
If you were a free man and allowed to penetrate, making the passive position of women in the sexual act, became a sissy, a man without honor, values, virtues and worst of all, no freedom.

Therefore, the Roman law strongly sanctioned those trying to sexually violate children and teens away from both sex and married women. Also why, when a child or young person leaving his house, it was always a slave or a group of them, to protect their modesty.
To prevent abuse, adultery and placate the needs of men, they could use without problem to their own slaves, slaves or prostitutes. These were valued for their contribution to society, to prevent wrong passionate men the object of his passion, looking young and married women free.

celebrity mosaic depicting a Meretrix (Courtesan of the time)

Milena Velba Tit Weigh In

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ROMAN DESCENT FOR MEN. Chapter 6

Another significant point that graficaría some of the social importance in the daily life of ancient Rome, was addressed tangentially in the last chapter (Chapter 6) HBO's Rome.

THE IMPORTANCE OF DESCENT FOR MEN ROMANS. Sarcofago

picture of a Roman family.


During the course of the fight between Niobe and her sister, Niobe suggests that infertility of Lydia, was the cause for which her husband was unfaithful to her.

This is a very important point in the minds of men of the time, and show how important it was to have children in the Roman world. First

have descendants was an urgent request being made by the Roman state to its citizens, as they did, in turn, other peoples of antiquity.
Having children was a moral obligation of every citizen to Rome. Thus Rome would always have fresh blood for their armies and thus maintain the greatness of the Republic.

The second point would have a more private and religious.

If a man wanted his family and he will continue beyond the time, needed to have a son to continue with family rituals.
In the Roman world, every family had their own personal religion, their personal gods (lares, household gods, manes and genius) who sheltered from home, to all members of your family (even his slaves.) I was just allowed the man make the offerings, sacrifices and rituals to bring family and therefore was of vital necessity to have children for a family Pater, whether social status whatsoever.

Examples of these rituals:

Worship Sacred Fire: The sacred fire was a fire that was always kept lit near the family altar that represented the soul of the family and the patron goddess of the house. If you are consuming this fire also consumed the family.

The sacred fire, always lit in a Roman house.

The ancestor worship: The worship was very important for all Roman.
When Roman died, became Manes family, to which the feed was regularly and remember, or it would become wandering souls, that instead of protecting and helping their families, the attack and bother. Here again only male offspring could perform these rites, and so each man needed to ensure their offspring and thus be remembered, honored and nurtured.

Altar with Penates and Lares of the Roman family. Many

cases, our moral conception would be grotesque, but to them it was normal because of these needs. In the next chapter give some examples.

Therefore, for a Roman would not have seemed strange that Lydia's husband find another woman having a child part. The problem is that before would have repudiated his wife and marry another and not commit adultery.

In the next chapter, give some examples of things that could go to a Roman in search of a son, and the dangers that could run, if you look in the offspring, led him into the arms of a married woman .

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HBO ROME ROME

CHAPTER 6:




In this chapter we find three words that represent three different gods, the Romans, and have little to do with the daily life of the Romans.

First : The Furies goddesses.

Niobe's sister, the curse by the goddess fury after learning that her husband is dead and blame this on the Niobe had relationship with her husband.

Who were these goddesses:

They lived in hell (Tartarus) Roman and its mission was to punish the murderers in Rome. There were three sisters and were named Tisiphone, Alecto and Megera.

Second: Goddess Bellona and Juno.

Although Roman society, as many of the societies of antiquity, was a patriarchal society where the highest god was a man, Jupiter. The goddesses had an important interference in the daily life of the Romans.

Bellona Goddess:

For the Romans, was the goddess Bellona War and wife of the god Mars.
When Niobe goodbye to her husband that goes to war and an uncertain future, she it instructs the Bellona, \u200b\u200bto protect him and prevent die in war.

turn, Lucio Niobe entrusts the protection of the goddess Juno, wife of Jupiter, queen of the gods and protector of married women.

Goddess Juno and her husband, the king of the gods, Jupiter = Zeus (Greek)

Third: SON OF DIS:

In this chapter, Marcon Antonio when he knows that the new luck war is having on Pompey, the son called DIS.

Who was this god: DIS?

Dis was the god Dis Pater (Father Rico), but also was associated Pluto, the god of the underworld, the underworld, but also the wealth that can be hidden on the back of the coin.

How Much Do Cavity Fillings Cost

ROME:

I imagine that many of you are seeing in these days the HBO series, Rome.
Well, to all who are following, here you can find some answers to terms, customs, traditions, etc. leaving gods referred to in the series and understand their meanings.

leave with the word that appeared in the fourth chapter

O evocative evocative. This word evoke

an old religious ceremony performed by the Romans for military purposes and could be used for two different purposes.

The first ceremony was used when the Romans were besieging an enemy city and wanted to capture. The Roman priest in the battlefield, performing the ritual of evocative, where they asked the gods that protected the city, to be left to defend and to switch to his side. As a reward they were promised they would be added to their pantheon of gods, to be honored and revered as one of yours.

also this ritual is performed when a former soldier (Most of the rank of Centurion o'ercomest or higher) was called by one of its commanders to return to serve in the ranks of his legions. This will create a kind of spiritual contract between the commanders and the new member of his army, who had a special status and more benefits in return for loyalty to his commander to death. Sal

Maxine Jokes About Retirement

Apicius. A mixture of species that served in Roman times to flavor foods, but primarily to flavor meat.

try it, let the meat very well and will serve a meal with a relish of more than 2000 years old.




coarse salt, 60 grams.
- White pepper, 15 grams.
- Ginger, 10 grams.
- Thyme, 8 grams.
- Celery seed, 8 ounces.
- Oregano, 15 grams.
- Black pepper, 15 grams.
- Saffron, 4 grams.
- Seeds of parsley, 10 grams.
- Dill, 10 grams.

Three Year Old Sore Lips

SOMETHING OUT OF CURRENT Apicius

URGENT REFORM OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE REFORM.

The peculiar interpretation made by some judges to guarantee the laws of criminal procedure reform, has led much of the rapid political reforms ask cries for reform, hehe pun intended. But after reading a story that appeared today in the journal "The third" I think the error is a bad law made, but on the interpretation that some judges make of it.

THE THIRD Saturday October 1, 2005, page 35 National.

here mentioned, that a man belonging to a group that had made a violent assault on a partner in the Cerro San Cristóbal, was released yesterday after leaving formalized control the detention hearing, held court in the Eighth warranty although it had been recognized by their victims. But this is not incredible news, but in the afternoon the same day, in Providencia, again this person was arrested by police, having assaulted an old woman.

Although I am not an expert on the subject, but a simple citizen who wants to give According to what you see, I think it's obvious that urgent reform is needed, but not the law, but the judiciary and its judges.
Everyone knows that the only thing permanent is accurate and constantly changing. In addition, our society is based on time, permanent change. But here is a serious problem, a lag between changes and those who receive and live.
While the institutions, processes and society is mutating rapidly, people who live these changes are out of phase and delay them considerably more to follow. This is a regular human being, because man is more conservative than many people want to recognize.
Therefore what we seeing these days with all the examples of some judges descriterio guarantee is just one example of these people still have not seen the changes and still operate with the mental processes used for many years.
One of these mental processes are very characteristic of our judges, is to stick faithfully to the law, but the exact words of the law, sometimes ignoring the spirit that Congress had in view.
Why this would occur? Simple. Because we are a very conservative country, where abound in many legalistic men, who believe that following the instructions, manuals and handbooks to the letter is a sign of professionalism and intelligence and do not realize that the skills most needed in these times of constant changes, are flexibility, creativity and thus the criterion.
Therefore, I think what we need now is a complete reform but not the errors that have occurred in the reform of these laws, but these managers themselves. Lack young people, people who are already based at the same time as the reforms to go hand in hand with the new law and punishment and correctly interpret the "SPIRIT OF THE LAW."

Nadine Jansen And Baby

SENECA. an example of Stoicism. THE MUMMY

Here is the philosopher Seneca SOME THOUGHTS ON HOW THE MAN SHOULD ACT AGAINST LIFE.
a vision of a stoic.

Bust of Seneca.

wise not to, fearing that neither lives nor attempting goes: because it has so much self-confidence, reach out to wary not to fortune, never rendírsele, and possessing a thing in which to fear it, because it is provided not only slaves, estates and dignities, but his own body, his eyes and hands, and everything that can make life more pleasant living and paid himself, for without sadness returned to it again to ask, and not dismissed in knowing that is not theirs, before all things done with such great diligence and circumspection, as religious and holy man, who keeps what is handed to his faith, and when I shall command will return without complaints of fortune, by say, "Doyte thanks for the time that I owned. I regard with reverence your stuff, but I ask for them, I returned with the will and appreciation, if any gustare me, I will keep it too, but now that you like it, I restores the silverware, the coined home and family. "If I call you the wild, which was the first one I gave to me, I will say again:" Take my mind, improved back to you what you gave me, not ronceo or fled; sizing is for me, that I am without a will, get what you gave me when I had no sense. "Returning to the part where we come from, What is annoying? He will live badly, who know not the span of dying well.

First, then, has been to remove the estimate is a life back, saying among other things subservient. (...) Because

disease, captivity, and burning debris are things I do not flash, I knew how I stay locked unruly nature.


Many times I felt tears in my neighborhood, many saw through my door burials seasoned with torches and candles, and many of those whom the court, the court and joined the conversation with me, he took one night, dividing his hands clasped in friendship.

(...) And these things are not separated by long intervals, with only a moment away from being on the throne when prostrating to his knees outside. Convince yourself, then, that every state is mutable, and that what you see in others it can happen to you.




Roman Stoics Seneca

CENTURY (DC)

Uti In Pregnant Women

II Fayum Fayum

Who were the people representing the Fayum paintings?

Under some interpretations of research conducted in Fayoum, the people portrayed in these paintings, must have been members of the aristocracy of the region, due to contact with the customs and traditions, Greco-Roman wanted to immortalize themselves in the fashion and style, which imposed the rule that dominated the known world.
For others, the people portrayed in Fayum, were Romans of the upper strata of society, who due to their jobs, migrated to the far frontiers of empire, they who were assimilating the traditions of ancient Egyptian mummification, only adding some parts of their customs and thus creating this cultural and artistic mix.
The confusion over the origin of the people that were introduced have been produced by the clothing, tools and features physical display these paintings.

Ex: Paintings

children.

Here we can see features a fashion that can lead to confusing the origin of who was this child.

Child 1:

Although the physical features of children are similar to those of a European Caucasian children, the fashion of her hair reflected a strong Egyptian tradition. Children

Egyptians were almost completely cut his hair and only left them a lock of hair to the side of the head.
This type of haircut, was widely used during all periods of Egyptian history and had order differences as a child of which had already become an adult.

But this same child also wears a necklace around her neck. This necklace, called Bulla, was typical of Roman children and served a magical purpose.

Minors, wore this necklace to pretegerlos of "evil eye", ie against envy made curse or some other magical attempt to harm the wearer. When the child became an adult and put on the toga of a man, manly toga, he stopped to use this amulet.

The famous Greek historian and philosopher, Plutarch, a collar associated with this were significant different the Bulla and very special.

He said the noise, I had a penis-shaped, is used to inform the child who wore the necklace, was a free man and that any attempt to seduce or sexual assault, could be severely punished.

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Mummies


MUMMIES

Fayum Fayum Oasis has been of great importance for understanding the world and the private life of Roman Egypt.
A good example of this, were the findings of a large number of Egyptian mummies from the Roman period, near the oasis. These discoveries have allowed a better understanding of the processes of mestizaje culture that occurred in this land, with the heavy inflow of Roman culture, through traders, armies, businessmen and politicians who were destined for this important province of the empire.

One of the most important traditions that existed in ancient Egypt was the mummification of their dead, because it was thought that the dead back to life after death and their bodies need to live in another world. Therefore, the bodies should be in perfect condition for the soul of the deceased could recognize his body and use again.

To protect the mummies, sarcophagi were used special, over time, were adorning themselves and becoming true concerning Egyptian art.
was both the significance that the beautification of the sarcophagus that can, thanks to fashion, form and style of the coffins, identify different historical periods of Pharaonic Egypt.

was right here in the art of beautifying the sarcophagus, which could see the cultural changes brought by contact with the Greco-Roman and Egyptian Fayum mummies are the best example of these cultural changes.

One of the first questions that appear when viewing some of the mummies of Fayum, is whether people who were mummified in this period, through the new style of Fayum, were Roman citizens who had completely assimilated Egyptian customs and traditions, or vice versa, were citizens who had copied Egyptian customs and Greco-Roman fashion and had been assimilated into their ancestral customs.

End

first part, Fayum mummies.

Do You Capitalize The Word Socialist?

Does cilización decline?

One of the conclusions that Hurricane Katrina left us is the easy identification of the "thin red line" that keeps the world we know. That is, our civilization. This made it very well plotted the English historian Timothy Garton in an article written on September 8 in the newspaper "The Guardian"
In this article, the historian gives us the impression that the abuses, violence and social breakdown that occurred in the city of New Orleans after the disaster left by Hurricane Katrina, only a small reflection of what will happen in the world, if it continues on a collision course social and break the current environment.
The central idea of \u200b\u200bthe historian is to show that what we see as stable, permanent and secure is our conception of our society and civilization, is much more fragile, thin and fragile than we think.
History has shown that after any breakage or loss of what the man believes as a sure thing, namely, providing food security and social stability, the man returns to its earliest stages, where only the strongest survive and in which Hobbes's views on humanity, become real.
All the selfishness of man comes through in these moments, where moral principles and ethics disappear towards the instinct of survival and personal satisfaction of all kinds.
Another man who was able to plot the break with a vengeance social parameters and show what is left of humans after the term of the order, was the writer William Golding in his book "The Lord of the Flies."
In this book, through the struggle for survival of a small group of boys stranded on a desert island, the author shows us the reality of the extraordinary human being. That is, we are animals first and foremost that in times where the parameters of civilization are broken by a situation, the human species again act like animals, instinctively seeking to satisfy their needs anyway.
In my opinion the conclusion reached by the historian Timothy Garton in his article, instead of being overly pessimistic, it is very realistic.
"... we can reach a pessimistic conclusion: that around the year 2000 the world reached the high point in the spread of civilization to which future generations will turn their gaze back with nostalgia and envy."
Anyone looking
detention more ancient history of man, can easily understand, how enduring civilizations believed, collapsed spectacularly unable to do anything about it, after destroying their environment or create social imbalances.

We will be expecting the same pessimistic future for our civilization.
Is there any way that humanity can break your patterns and break the myth of eternal return?

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A DAY IN THE LIFE OF A ROMAN


Earlier our millennium, there were many prosperous cities within the dominions of Rome. However, the undisputed leader of them was the city of Rome. Despite this, choose a smaller city, but of vital importance for our study.
The city we have chosen is right Pompeii and give it a date: August 24, 1979 AD
This day was like any other in the life of the inhabitants of this city. This day came the eruption of Vesuvius, the volcano that dominated from above Bay of Naples and its invasion of death and destruction to much of what cities and towns that were on its outskirts. That
August 24 thousands of tons of lava, ash, toxic smoke and rocks covered Pompeii and meant death for thousands of people and animals that managed to escape. However, these ashes also preserved everything was buried. Houses, shops, public toilets to the same food and the bodies of people and animals that were caught by death there where they were, were preserved as if time had stopped in this city and their lives. Product
to that tragedy, a day in the daily life of a Roman city froze in time allowing reveal a world without this catastrophe would have been difficult to know completely.

some Evil sometimes becomes the good of others. How

example, imagine a day in the life in the town of Pucon in the shadow of the imposing Villarrica volcano. This volcano that lit up his red rage every night in the summer of 2005 and that on the day at its peak reveals a column of smoke, is warning us that is not dead but only sleeping. Something similar happened to Vesuvius.
As in those times, today people spend their holidays and sports in Pucon Villarrica as if there were not, but what would happen if one night without notice of any kind, this volcano erupt with the force and power than the old Vesuvius?
If it is impossible for us to size a tragedy like this, imagine how it was at the time of these Romans who lived in the shadow of a volcano like Vesuvius seemed dead for many centuries.











THE AWAKENING OF MARCUS.

Imagine a typical day of our lives, their routines and corresponding runs. Let's meet
awaken one morning and order in our minds what we would do since we opened the first eye after of good sleep.
Now imagine traveling to the past and may be right when our Marcus is waking up. Is it very different to ours its dawn? What are your routines in one morning?

Unlike some of us. The Romans were very early risers. They rose at dawn, just when the roosters began to notice that the sun would rise soon.
is impossible to know the exact time of their awakening, as we do now with our watches, as the Romans had a very exact timing.

In early Rome, when he was still just a small town around the fourth century BC, the Romans were limited to measure time by dividing the day into two parts. The first half until noon and then the rest of the day. One man was the work of the forum to warn people and rulers when the sun was at its maximum height.
Over half the time each day was divided into two parts: "Mane" The morning and "Antemeridiem" antemeridian and "De meriedie" The evening and "Supreme" on the night. But only since the second century BC, the Romans knew a revolution for the world. The sundial brought from Greece, which changed its way of thinking about time. This system was known as the sundial. Most

of cities had a sundial to measure the first 12 hours of day and water for the remaining 12 ranging from dusk until dawn. There was one problem. The hours were increasing or decreasing depending on the season. Therefore, 12 hours a day in summers were longer than 12 hours of winter. This created that changed the rhythms of life of people during the summer months and winter as now happens in country life. That is why the Romans had 12 hours of summer and winter 12 hours a day and night.

was so difficult to measure the hours these days, the Stoic philosopher Seneca had that was more easily reconciled to philosophers in the same philosophical theory, which put them in line at the time of their watches. Moreover, despite all this fashion and fame, the Romans as the other peoples of antiquity never had the obsession we have with our clocks and time. For many, many times only reflected and served to show people the piece of life they had lost over time in a romantic way of seeing time.



Returning to the awakening of our Marcus. At dawn our man would rise from his bed, feeling due to the low light coming into his room. How
Marcus was an educated man and washed his face clean and arms, then it is completely clean in contrast to normal people and their own slaves, was preparing to eat breakfast and start your day.

BREAKFAST OF MARCUS.

The first meal of a Roman differed little according to social class that was, as it was not considered a food of great importance as it does many people and nations today. -.

Make connection with the idea of \u200b\u200bAnglo-Saxon breakfast and Scandinavian breakfast vision bequeathed to us Latinos. "It is a theory"

(Breakfast in the Anglo-Saxon countries, and countries of Germanic and Celtic tradition, tend to be large and consistent because we only performed two meals a day. Have you changed this tradition in these cultures in our day?)

breakfast why Marcus would be very light, maybe a glass of water. But suppose that our man is hungry this morning, perhaps Carretie last night. Well, in this case, like much eat a piece of cold meat that had plenty of night or a piece of bread and cheese with a little Müslüm, if your stomach really demanded it. In the case of a poor or one of his own slaves, with a glass of water would be really happy and satisfied.

But before this frugal breakfast, Marcus had done nothing, which moves away from our awakening, Well maybe the most.

Marcus, newly awakened would approach the altar of the sacred fire.


The sacred fire was most important in the home of a Roman, and it was very important keep alive, as the famous historian tells Fustel de Coulanges:




"It was a sacred obligation to the chief keep the fire house day and night ... every night they covered the coals with ashes to prevent consumed whole, to rise, the first care was to rekindle that fire, feeding it with some chips. " [1]

The importance they gave the Romans to this fire was because it was believed that this fire was alive, he was a god and was worshiped as a god, was worshiped until he asked for protection and favors.
He believed this fire as the soul of the home that cared for the family of all evil and is associated with the goddess Vesta (goddess of the home)
prostration was so great that he had this sacred fire that I created prayers and hymns in his honor:

"Home, always keep us thriving, happy, always, O thou who art eternal, beautiful, forever young, supporting you, you who are rich, receive our offering with suitable heart and damage to return happiness and health, which is so sweet. " [2] Previous

any meal, you should make libations to keep this goddess happy and satisfied. These could include some coals, but also wine, oils and incense.
Before testing the food, the first piece was a goddess, a drink before the first drops were for her.


This not only occurs in the Greco-Roman world, is an archetype that we can also see the Andean cultures. Example: The cult to the Pachamama, the Inca culture.

But why so much importance to the fire: what would be a good reason to worship so deep into the fire?

THE CULT OF THE DEAD.

A part of the sacred fire, there were other gods who lived in the house of our Marcus. But these creatures were from another species.
In ancient Roman town, it was tradition to bury their dead in their own homes and these are believed protected them their souls. These beings were known as Manes. There were also the Lares and Penates of the house, which also should honor and nurture them, because they took care of the exterior and interior of the house and all its inhabitants. Coulanges

explains it very well in this sentence: "In ancient times the tomb was on the same property family, in the middle of the room, not far from the door, "for children, says a classic, always find their parents to enter or leave and will go an invocation."


Marcus then leave happy their ancestors and household gods, took breakfast and prepared for another kind of greetings. Greeting customers, this time, I engaged him.

GREETING CUSTOMERS.

Marcus, as we know, was a wealthy merchant of the equestrian class. Had many properties and power. But in Roman society, this was not enough without a bunch of people who were with your services.
Customers were free citizens, often poor, who came to men like Marcus for protection, aid money and influence to improve their economic and social situations.

But what benefited Marcus show with this company?

wealth and influence of a man also is mediated through the number of slaves and clients that it possessed and if Marcus received every morning a large group of customers who came to greet him, this showed the status and power he possessed in his society. Also, if Marcus for example, wanted to enter politics and be elected, and had a good group of men who would vote for him and would fight for every possible way to make your pattern get elected.
Therefore, every morning as we said, early customers crowded in a strict order of hierarchy from the front door, hoping that you get them to give them a good morning and another boost in the form of influences or even money, to survive the day, in the case of very poor. The anecdotal
of this is that many of these customers had their own slaves who accompanied them to offer any help, or even their own customers.
[1] Fustel Coulanges, The Ancient City, editorial Panamerica, 1996. Colombia. Pg.16
[2] Ibit. Pg 17

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Roman feasts. A CULT TO EXCESS


By Gabriel Carranza, Historian.



Roman feasts:

"an ode to excess."


· These banquets in the early I had made the point in a sample of social status that some high-class men would rather die than not be able to continue giving such feasts.
·
Dinner is served in quantities so abundant that some guests had to induce vomiting, through the famous ostrich feather, not to miss any dish.


While three quarters parts of the Roman Empire's population subsisted on bread, cheese and some other type of legume, the remaining quarter managed to spend much of the wealth of the empire in lavish and impressive feasts.

This custom was adopted by the ruling class to such an extent that made the Emperor Augustus decided in the early first century AD, to legislate on this subject, setting spending limits and sumptuousness of these banquets, before Unchecked excess.

But despite the effort, the situation got out of hand and this "cult" led to abuses so memorable in the same emperors who came after him. One
of the most renowned of those times was the emperor Caligula (37-41DC) that served at their banquets breads made with gold, or Claudius (41-54 AD) who invited his friends to endless feasts where he spent the night eating and drinking non-stop.
It was felt that the deranged Nero (54-68 AD) was binges that could last up to twenty hours and that often fell unexpectedly to dinner at friends' houses, leaving almost bankrupt due to their culinary eccentricities.
Emperor Maximian (235-238 AD) was remembered as one of the most greedy of his time, having swallowed 20 kilos of meat and 34 liters of wine in one day. But certainly one of the most renowned for his excesses was the Emperor Elagabalus (218-222 AD) who was busy serving dishes where fish and other meats were mixed with pearls, gold or crushed stone.

Such was the ambition of the Romans to try new and exotic dishes, the contemporary writer "Pliny the Elder", gave figures which Roma lost each year on luxury imports from the east.

According to the author, India, China and the Arabian Peninsula were taking nothing more nor less than 100 million sesterces a year from the coffers of the Empire.

"That was the amount payable for the pleasures of gluttony and lust that allowed the upper class. "

these banquets in the mid-century AD, had become a sign of social status and wealth, leading to degrees such as preferring death before they can no longer giving similar binges. Known in those days, was the case of wealthy gourmet Apicius, which the poet Martial, committed suicide when he realized he had squandered his fortune on trying to satisfy their insatiable appetite:

"After spending sixty million in his stomach at Apicius he had only ten million. An embarrassing situation worthy only say, merely to satisfy hunger and thirst. So his latest and most expensive meal was the poison ... Apicius never been greedy in the end "
(Martial, Epigrams III, XXII)



But what were the key considerations that had to follow a noble in the days of Empire, to a banquet in honor of the successful Gluttony?

First

a chef must have been able to fool your eyes and palate, disguising the food to look like something else. That is, going for a ride, or in this case, pork and poultry or veal. This cooks
or "Cocus" were regarded as true artists and if they were not slaves, were paid large sums for their services.

Petronio in his book "Satyricon" shows the pride he feels an owner, expertise and capacity of its Cocus in the kitchen, by passing a meat of an animal by another:

"... And we thought that came to the plate set before us was a greasy goose surrounded by fish and all kinds of birds. "Friends," said Trimalchio, everything you see used here was made from the flesh of one animal, so I can inflate my heritage and not the waist, if I do not cook all the pork. This man could not be more valuable. If you want you can make a fish of a stomach, a pigeon of Bacon (Bacon), a turtledove for a ham or a chicken, a pork knuckle ... "


Petronius, The Satyricon. Pg 57.



Second

have a full "staff" of slaves ready to fulfill a myriad of functions.
The "List" were slaves in charge of appointing the guests and tell them their places in order of importance, in the style of those pompous festivals that gave the English royalty in Victorian times, where servants dressed in livery and white wig, appointed the nobles who were arriving. Others had the task of gouging out the guests shoes, wash his feet, hands, and crown them with flowers perfuming.
-called "Ministratores", had the mission of serving food and satisfy even the whim to have a guest.
finally found the "A cyatho" or pourers. These, slaves, servants were chosen from the most beautiful and young, with the specific task of serving the best wine in the second part of the feast, known as the "Comissatio" or desktop and sometimes sought to stimulate other appetites to people.

final point successfully complete a Roman-style banquet at best, would be the food. This was served in such abundance that levels of even the most gluttonous in our day would have been impossible to pass the entrance. This practice, aimed to satisfy the hunger of the guests at this point to avoid rumors and gossip, in a world like ours, where the image was everything.

A good example of the dangers that could be affected a host, was being ridiculed in front of his countrymen in a satirical piece which made reference to his meanness when giving a banquet for his friends. This was felt in the flesh, such a fable and Mancino, who had unlucky not to satisfy the appetite of the writer Marcial:

"Yesterday, I admit, you gave an exquisite perfume to your guests, but nothing sideboards.
smell funny thing is well and die of hunger! The dinner and no perfume, Fable, I really think he is dead "
(Marcial III, XII)

" We were at home, Mancino, sixty guests and we were not served yesterday nothing more than a pig ... but also small, those that can kill a pygmy disarmed. And do not say anything, just look at all: in the sand "(the arena) also boar usually offer this way. After this feat, hopefully not serve you or a pig, but you're served the same Charidemus boar. "
(Marcial, III, XLIII)

To these banquets the rich occupied a room called" Triclinium "where diners reclined in three beds around a table, a tradition inherited from the Greeks, according to historians, of the Etruscans. This way of eating, we would be very uncomfortable, it was essential at the time, because it was a symbol of elegance and status. Only
rich could afford to take time to eat lying down.
The poor and slaves were content with sitting where they could eat or if they were lucky to have some money, eat at some of the many taverns that served lunch and dinner in the city streets.


But before trying a bite of dinner, it was essential to start the feast by libations and sacrifices to the gods of home and host, as some prayers for the welfare of the emperor. Thus the gods were honored with the first food from the banquet and was left quiet honor of the Emperor, approaching the same Olympics, with phrases like, "Auguste, country Patriae" (Good luck to the emperor, the father of our country) just after the gods.

The Romans were well aware of the dangers that could be hidden, often behind their own walls or between its own staff. Therefore, after leaving the gods happy and some who came to believe gods (many emperors came to be revered as true gods after his death.) Appeared as an aperitif or Gustatio, whose aim was to encourage appetite in diners through eggs, salads, fried sausage, mushrooms, olives, pickled fish and variety of seafood.

The first table or Fercula "was the main meal and could consist of 5 and sometimes more dishes, filled with all kinds of food, but mostly consists of meat. Among the most prized by the Romans were the hares, sheep, beef, venison and pork, the favorite of red meat.

However, the most passionate meat to the Roman upper class, was the fish. They had a great variety of them was such consumption and demand, which led to the creation of a successful and wealthy business incubators, in order, that even men who lived far from the sea could taste the freshness. Gaius

Hirrius, according to Pliny, was the first inventor of separate ponds for breeding eels. With these farms Gaius 6000 brunette contributed to the banquet, the Dictator Julius Caesar held to celebrate his victory against the Germans.
that this banquet was given such famous Gaius Hirrius nurseries that when he sold the smallest of its countryside properties, received 4,000,000 sesterces, only by way of fish ponds had on the property.
This love of fish of all types, led to such eccentricities, such as the famous orator Hortensius, who according to legend, was one of his ponds as big a brunette and rewarded, when he died, it is said that she shed or tears of a woman named Antonia, wife of a wealthy senator, who put some earrings in the dark he loved, making your house a tourist attraction, the jeweled brunette who lived there.

All fish or meat, were accompanied by vegetables, mashed potatoes, spices, but mostly for sauces. They could not miss on the food and tasted so strong that even the most determined and courageous stomachs of today would not have felt able to withstand some degree of disgust and revulsion.

The most famous of the sauces was known as "Galum." This sauce is created from the intestines of fry in the sun to rot. Subsequently salted and preserved in vinegar or brine to be used exclusively in the banquets more expensive and exclusive to the Roman elite.
But to plot a better way, quantity, variety and excess food, they could see one of these feasts, let the writer Petronius shows us one of the most explicit stories about one of these banquet in Roman times:

"... finally brought the first course, expendidísimo ... In a bowl was a Corinthian bronze donkey laden with bags containing a white, black olives, respectively. In the back carrying two silver plates, whose edges were engraved Trimalchio's name and weight of the metal. Arcos supported bridges as dormice seasoned with honey and poppy. Could be seen beyond sausages on grills silver and grills under Syrian plums and pomegranate seeds ... that kind of joy interrupted by the arrival of the second service ... It was a centerpiece in a globe, around which circle contained in the twelve signs of the Zodiac. The butler had placed on top of each delicacy which, by its nature or form had anything to do with the constellations: In Aries, had chickpeas in Taurus, a piece of thistle cow in Gemini, kidneys and testicles, in Cancer , a crown, in Leo, figs Africa, in Virgo, the matrix of a sow, in Libra, a scale that a template had a cake and another cake; in Scorpio, a minnow, in Sagittarius, a hare in Capricorn, a lobster, in Aquarius, a duck, in Pisces, two marine bards ... immediately ... approached the table and took four slaves ... the top of the globe. Suddenly discover delicacies selected: Mast birds, a tit pig, a hare with wings on his back, appearing a Pegasus. We also saw ... four satyrs with bottles, from which flowed streams of brine, which fell into a lake where fish floated spicy and ... "

Petronius, The Satyricon. Pg 61-62.


After that amount of food, it seems that the guests would no longer want to keep eating more, but it was not. Some were given to continue swallowing skill thanks to an effective system that was to become very popular with the Wolverines. Just needed a pen and a room called "Vomitarium"
Located in this room with a pen in skilled hands, could be quickly released the weight of the stomach, allowing the owner does not lose any new delicacy that appeared in the desert or "second table. "

This custom, which was not the norm for all dinners, led the philosopher Seneca (I DC) to say that the Romans: "vomiting for eating and eat to vomit."

Now, if you did not like vomit, but I could not eat more, there was another way to keep track of any new dish. I kept it in a napkin and took it home, in the same way as we do now, some restaurants when we asked the leftovers for the "spoiled the house."

At the end of the banquet, remote entrees were served dessert. These were made by all types of cakes, oysters, snails, cheese, raisins, chestnuts, peaches and apples. The latter was highly prized because it was said that all good feast was to leave eggs and finish with apples, as the poet Horace said: "Ad ovo usque ad bad" (from egg to the apple.)

Over dessert, the slaves would rush to remove the tables and Trying to clean food debris scattered around the room, to begin serving the wine flowed in large quantities.
was normal to drink little during the first part of the banquet, as it was thought that the food had lost the taste for wine and for this the best they took at the end.
The wine dinners used was called "Müslüm" or "mulsum" and was mixed with honey, aromatic herbs and drunk hot. Those who served in the second half, mixed with water, following the Greek tradition.
was frowned upon to take the pure wine, because of her strong alcohol is believed that consumption had extended to the madness as the Greeks said. Started

the vine, came the dancers, musicians, dwarfs and buffoons who cheered the feast with their dances, songs and antics.

among the guests was designated the king of the party responsible for deciding the amount of wine you would drink, and the degree of mixing it.
If the person chosen was quiet, the evening was spent in pleasant conversation and harmless games such as table and others. But if the choice was a party animal, the thing could lead to a great drunk, appeared with them dice and gambling, prohibited in those days, and other games so strange, like pitchers throwing wine with the intention of giving others.

we imagine the presence of alcohol in some of the players, it is strange to think that after a while, be formed backside of wine and other liquids in the beautiful mosaic floors commonly adorned the kitchen table of the upper class of Rome .

By the total debauchery was only one step, more alcohol. This, it was often honored with songs and toasts, such as "biber humanum est, ergo bibamus" (Drinking is good, then drink) "Prima ad shittim pertinet crater, secondary hilaritatem ad, ad voluptatem tertia, quarta ad insaniam" (The first cup is for thirst, the second to the joy, the third for pleasure, the fourth for insanity), or the explicit, "Qui Potaro oitestis bib, historical ab festis Procula ite, non est hic locus very modest" (which you can not drink, go away away from this party, this is no place for the timid). Although

Facilities as plotted in this article, were not daily bread at dinner Roman, it is clear that existed and which often came to excesses beyond our imagination.



Some locations where foodstuffs were exported wheat

Hispania, Egypt and Sicily. WINE
Hispania, The Adriatic, Galicia
Egypt. OIL
Hispania and North Africa. FISH
Black Sea. HONEY
Greece.




BREAD:
The importance of bread in the imperial capital was reflected by the 330 bakeries that existed at the turn of the century Rome. These were mostly led by master bakers Greeks considered the best of the Mediterranean world and their work was inherited from father to son.
had different kinds of bread depending on the quality of its flour. Was the "Pan Acerosus" which was one of the cheapest. Also among the cheapest was the brown bread made with flour called "Panis plebeius" being consumed by the poor and slaves. Among the best quality was the "Panis Candidus."
Era that the importance of bread in the Roman diet had even one made for the Army, by its own bakery called "Panis militaris
Another bread that was very popular in the metropolis was sweet. Had made with honey, oil and mixed with peppers, cumin and milk.

Such was the degree of importance that took on the Pan American society, which was immortalized by the famous phrase of the poet Juvenal: "Panem et Circus" Where exemplified the two main concerns of the Roman Plebs: The Bread and Circus .




WINE:
Although in the beginning of the Roman Republic, the wine it was very important in the diet, was only in the days of Empire when he created the need for a great trade that covered the entire Mediterranean.
The best wines were exported from Hispania, Egypt, North Africa. Some came from Gaul and the Adriatic. Given this strong competition, some wine producers of Italy preferred to produce wines of lesser quality, but more popular, as in the case of wines from Campania in the south of the peninsula.
wines were transported in amphorae that were sealed with corks and were labeled with the name of the consul and the date of the consulate where there was wine.

BEER: Beer was
known by the Romans because they were very common and are produced in abundance between the Egyptians and the Germans, but never massively among the Romans, it was considered a barbarian drink.


MEALS OF THE DAY:
Romans usually three meals a day.

THE JENTACULUM or BREAKFAST: That could be composed of bread, cheese and milk, but for many people just came to be a glass of water.

THE prandium: That was not very convincing is almost always served cold and was composed of bread, cold meats, vegetables and fruits. Many times it became a simple sandwich to the highest style of our "Fast Food"
DINNER: The only food you could say as such, was served in the evening and could become large banquets that lasted for hours

Welts Of Sores With No Fever

PRIVATE LIFE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD

In're blog will give my opinions and views about the private lives and daily in the ancient world.

I dedicate specific civilizations and more important and relevant people of antiquity.

the Roman world.
















the Greek world, Egypt, Celtic, Germanic and Vikings.

Join me to discover how they lived, ate, dressed, thought and dying men who lived more than 2,000 to 3,000 years ago.

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be guessed from the present and the future

Machiavelli. The great thinker of political ideology, was a maxim that always sat when asking what would happen in this situation or one in the near or distant future.
He knew, understood the story, although many people may not believe it is spiral. That is because history is made by men and is involved in their passions, dreams and fears, this should be repeated over time, as these things have not changed over time.

What were the dreams and passions of a roman or in the second century BC? Well the same as a man can have XXI century AD, be healthy, stable, made as a person, answer the existential questions, etc.

Yes, I understand that there may be variations and passions more or less, but the essence is always the same, because the soul of man is the same and this does not mutate, or mutates very slowly, almost imperceptibly.

Thus, Machiavelli, when he noted that would occur in certain situation said

"Anyone who wants to KNOW WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO EXAMINE WHAT HAPPENED: ALL THE THINGS OF THIS WORLD AT ANY TIME HAVE YOUR REPLY IN THE ANCIENT ... SINCE SUCH ACTIONS ARE TAKEN BY MEN WHO HAVE AND HAVE ALWAYS HAD THE SAME PASSION, WHICH NECESSARILY BE CAUSE THE SAME RESULTS "

Machiavelli. End

first part.